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title	task	lineage_type	upstream_source	upstream_sha	imported_at	prompt_class	upstream_changes	author	validated
USGS API Reference (Earthquake Hazards + Water Services)		import	https://github.com/K-Dense-AI/scientific-agent-skills/blob/9c9bd2e9/skills/database-lookup/references/usgs.md	9c9bd2e9	2026-06-26	prompt	accepted	upstream	false

USGS API Reference (Earthquake Hazards + Water Services)

Part A: Earthquake Hazards Program

Base URL

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1

Authentication

None required. Fully public, no API key needed.

Rate Limits

No documented per-user rate limit, but USGS asks users to limit automated queries to avoid overloading the service.
Requests returning very large result sets (>20,000 events) will be rejected. Use pagination or narrow your query.

Key Endpoints

1. Query Earthquakes

GET /query

Returns earthquake events matching search criteria. This is the primary endpoint.

Parameters:

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
`format`	string	No	`quakeml`	`geojson`, `csv`, `quakeml`, `text`, `kml`. Use `geojson` for JSON.
`starttime`	string	No	(now - 30d)	ISO8601 date, e.g. `2024-01-01`.
`endtime`	string	No	(now)	ISO8601 date.
`minmagnitude`	float	No	-	Minimum magnitude (e.g. `4.5`).
`maxmagnitude`	float	No	-	Maximum magnitude.
`mindepth`	float	No	-	Minimum depth in km.
`maxdepth`	float	No	-	Maximum depth in km.
`latitude`	float	No	-	Center latitude for circle search (-90 to 90).
`longitude`	float	No	-	Center longitude for circle search (-180 to 180).
`maxradiuskm`	float	No	-	Max radius in km (with lat/lon).
`minlatitude`	float	No	-	Bounding box south edge.
`maxlatitude`	float	No	-	Bounding box north edge.
`minlongitude`	float	No	-	Bounding box west edge.
`maxlongitude`	float	No	-	Bounding box east edge.
`limit`	int	No	-	Max events returned (max 20000).
`offset`	int	No	1	Pagination offset (1-based).
`orderby`	string	No	`time`	`time`, `time-asc`, `magnitude`, `magnitude-asc`.
`alertlevel`	string	No	-	PAGER alert: `green`, `yellow`, `orange`, `red`.
`eventtype`	string	No	-	e.g. `earthquake`, `quarry blast`.

Example -- significant earthquakes in a region:

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?format=geojson&starttime=2024-01-01&endtime=2024-12-31&minmagnitude=5.0&minlatitude=30&maxlatitude=45&minlongitude=-125&maxlongitude=-110&orderby=magnitude

GeoJSON Response:

{
  "type": "FeatureCollection",
  "metadata": {
    "generated": 1700000000000,
    "url": "https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?...",
    "title": "USGS Earthquakes",
    "status": 200,
    "api": "1.14.1",
    "count": 42
  },
  "features": [
    {
      "type": "Feature",
      "properties": {
        "mag": 6.2,
        "place": "15 km NNE of Ridgecrest, CA",
        "time": 1700000000000,
        "updated": 1700100000000,
        "tz": null,
        "url": "https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ci00000001",
        "detail": "https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?eventid=ci00000001&format=geojson",
        "felt": 1500,
        "cdi": 7.1,
        "mmi": 6.5,
        "alert": "yellow",
        "status": "reviewed",
        "tsunami": 0,
        "sig": 800,
        "net": "ci",
        "code": "00000001",
        "type": "earthquake",
        "title": "M 6.2 - 15 km NNE of Ridgecrest, CA"
      },
      "geometry": {
        "type": "Point",
        "coordinates": [-117.5, 35.8, 10.5]
      },
      "id": "ci00000001"
    }
  ]
}

Note: geometry.coordinates is [longitude, latitude, depth_km].

2. Event Detail

GET /query?eventid={EVENTID}&format=geojson

Returns detailed info for a single event, including moment tensor, focal mechanism, and nearby cities.

3. Event Count

GET /count

Same parameters as /query, returns just the count of matching events. Useful for checking result size before querying.

Example:

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/count?starttime=2024-01-01&endtime=2024-12-31&minmagnitude=4.5

4. Real-Time Feeds (no parameters)

Pre-built GeoJSON feeds updated every minute/5 min/15 min/hour:

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/feed/v1.0/summary/significant_month.geojson
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/feed/v1.0/summary/4.5_week.geojson
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/feed/v1.0/summary/2.5_day.geojson
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/feed/v1.0/summary/all_hour.geojson

Pattern: {significance}_{timeperiod}.geojson where significance is significant, 4.5, 2.5, 1.0, all and timeperiod is hour, day, week, month.

Part B: Water Services

Base URL

https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis

Authentication

None required. Fully public, no API key needed.

Rate Limits

No strict per-user limit, but USGS recommends limiting automated requests. Large queries may time out.

Key Endpoints

1. Instantaneous Values (Real-Time Data)

GET /iv/

Returns the most recent sensor readings (typically 15-minute intervals).

Parameters:

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
`format`	string	No	`wml`	`json`, `xml`, `wml,1.1`, `wml,2.0`, `rdb`. Use `json` for JSON.
`sites`	string	Cond.	-	Comma-separated USGS site numbers (e.g. `01646500`).
`stateCd`	string	Cond.	-	2-letter state code (e.g. `NY`).
`huc`	string	Cond.	-	Hydrologic Unit Code(s).
`bBox`	string	Cond.	-	Bounding box: `west,south,east,north` (decimal degrees).
`countyCd`	string	Cond.	-	5-digit FIPS county code(s).
`parameterCd`	string	No	`00060`	Parameter code(s). `00060`=streamflow, `00065`=gage height, `00010`=water temp.
`period`	string	No	-	ISO8601 duration, e.g. `P7D` (past 7 days).
`startDT`	string	No	-	Start datetime (ISO8601).
`endDT`	string	No	-	End datetime (ISO8601).
`siteType`	string	No	-	e.g. `ST` (stream), `GW` (groundwater), `LK` (lake).
`siteStatus`	string	No	`all`	`active`, `inactive`, `all`.

At least one location parameter (sites, stateCd, huc, bBox, or countyCd) is required.

Example -- real-time streamflow for a site:

https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/iv/?format=json&sites=01646500&parameterCd=00060&period=P1D

JSON Response (abbreviated):

{
  "name": "ns1:timeSeriesResponseType",
  "declaredType": "org.cuahsi.waterml.TimeSeriesResponseType",
  "value": {
    "timeSeries": [
      {
        "sourceInfo": {
          "siteName": "Potomac River near Wash, DC Little Falls Pump Sta",
          "siteCode": [{"value": "01646500", "agencyCode": "USGS"}],
          "geoLocation": {
            "geogLocation": {"latitude": 38.94977778, "longitude": -77.12763889}
          }
        },
        "variable": {
          "variableCode": [{"value": "00060"}],
          "variableName": "Streamflow, ft&#179;/s",
          "unit": {"unitCode": "ft3/s"}
        },
        "values": [
          {
            "value": [
              {"value": "5280", "dateTime": "2024-01-15T00:00:00.000-05:00"},
              {"value": "5310", "dateTime": "2024-01-15T00:15:00.000-05:00"}
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

2. Daily Values (Historical Aggregates)

GET /dv/

Returns daily statistical values (mean, max, min). Same location parameters as /iv/.

Additional Parameters:

Parameter	Type	Description
`statCd`	string	Statistic code: `00001`=max, `00002`=min, `00003`=mean, `00006`=sum. Default `00003`.

Example -- daily mean streamflow, 1 year:

https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/dv/?format=json&sites=01646500&parameterCd=00060&statCd=00003&startDT=2023-01-01&endDT=2023-12-31

3. Site Information

GET /site/

Returns metadata about monitoring sites. Same location parameters apply.

Example -- active stream sites in Virginia:

https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/site/?format=rdb&stateCd=VA&siteType=ST&siteStatus=active&hasDataTypeCd=iv

4. Statistics (Pre-computed)

GET /stat/

Returns pre-computed statistics (percentiles, mean, median) for daily values, useful for comparing current conditions to historical norms.

Example:

https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/stat/?format=rdb&sites=01646500&parameterCd=00060&statReportType=daily&statTypeCd=mean,p05,p25,p50,p75,p95

Common Parameter Codes

Code	Description
`00060`	Discharge/streamflow (ft3/s)
`00065`	Gage height (ft)
`00010`	Water temperature (C)
`00045`	Precipitation (in)
`00400`	pH
`00300`	Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
`00095`	Specific conductance (uS/cm)
`72019`	Groundwater level depth below land surface (ft)

Notes

Earthquake API returns coordinates as [lon, lat, depth] (note: longitude first).
Water Services JSON wraps data in a verbose WaterML-like structure. The rdb (tab-delimited) format is simpler for tabular data.
USGS site numbers are typically 8 digits for surface water, 15 for groundwater.
Both APIs are free, public, and require no authentication.

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USGS API Reference (Earthquake Hazards + Water Services)

Part A: Earthquake Hazards Program

Base URL

Authentication

Rate Limits

Key Endpoints

1. Query Earthquakes

2. Event Detail

3. Event Count

4. Real-Time Feeds (no parameters)

Part B: Water Services

Base URL

Authentication

Rate Limits

Key Endpoints

1. Instantaneous Values (Real-Time Data)

2. Daily Values (Historical Aggregates)

3. Site Information

4. Statistics (Pre-computed)

Common Parameter Codes

Notes

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